Allegation of Research Misconduct

This journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of research and publication integrity. Allegations of research misconduct, including but not limited to data fabrication, data falsification, plagiarism, duplicate submission, improper authorship, or undisclosed conflicts of interest, are taken seriously and investigated in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines, such as those issued by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Any individual, including authors, reviewers, editors, or readers, who has concerns about potential misconduct related to a manuscript submitted to or published in this journal is encouraged to report the matter to the editorial office with sufficient supporting evidence.

Investigation Process

1. Upon receiving an allegation, the editor-in-chief will conduct a preliminary assessment to determine whether there is sufficient basis to proceed with a formal investigation.
2. If warranted, the authors will be given the opportunity to respond to the allegation before any decision is made.
3. The editorial team may consult with the authors’ institution, relevant experts, or follow COPE flowcharts to guide the investigation.
4. Depending on the outcome, actions may include requesting a correction, issuing an expression of concern, retracting the article, or notifying the authors’ institution.

All investigations are conducted confidentially and fairly, with due process given to all parties involved. The journal reserves the right to take appropriate action, including rejection or retraction of a manuscript, when misconduct is confirmed.